How to Install Magento eCommerce on Ubuntu 22.04 with Nginx and Elasticsearch
Magento is an open-source e-commerce platform written in PHP. It was acquired by Adobe in 2018 and was named Adobe eCommerce. It is also offered as a commercial and cloud-based product. You can use Magento to create high-capacity professional shopping websites. It offers both - a single-store and a multiple-store mode. It comes with lots of modules to extend its functionality.
In this tutorial, we will install the Magento open-source community edition. It offers all the functionality you need to set up a professional online store. We will also install Elasticsearch for searching through the product catalog, Redis for the session and file cache, and serve it using the Nginx server.
Prerequisites
-
A server running Ubuntu 22.04 with a minimum of 2GB RAM. You may need more RAM depending on your requirements.
-
A non-root user with sudo privileges.
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A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) for the server,
magento.example.com -
Make sure everything is updated.
$ sudo apt update $ sudo apt upgrade
-
Few packages that your system needs.
$ sudo apt install wget curl nano software-properties-common dirmngr apt-transport-https gnupg2 ca-certificates lsb-release ubuntu-keyring unzip -y
Some of these packages may already be installed on your system.
Step 1 - Configure Firewall
The first step is to configure the firewall. Ubuntu comes with ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall) by default.
Check if the firewall is running.
$ sudo ufw status
You should get the following output.
Status: inactive
Allow SSH port so the firewall doesn't break the current connection on enabling it.
$ sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
Allow HTTP and HTTPS ports as well.
$ sudo ufw allow http $ sudo ufw allow https
Enable the Firewall
$ sudo ufw enable Command may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y Firewall is active and enabled on system startup
Check the status of the firewall again.
$ sudo ufw status
You should see a similar output.
Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere 80/tcp ALLOW Anywhere 443 ALLOW Anywhere OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) 80/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) 443 (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
Step 2 - Install PHP and its extensions
Ubuntu 22.04 ships with PHP 8.1.2 version which is a bit outdated. We will install the latest PHP 8.2 version using Ondrej's PHP repository.
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php
Next, install PHP and its extensions required by Magento.
$ sudo apt install php8.2-fpm php8.2-mysql php8.2-bcmath php8.2-xml php8.2-zip php8.2-curl php8.2-mbstring php8.2-gd php8.2-tidy php8.2-intl php8.2-cli php8.2-soap php8.2-xsl libsodium-dev libsodium23 libssl-dev libcurl14-openssl-dev
Verify the installation.
$ php --version
PHP 8.2.5 (cli) (built: Apr 14 2023 04:27:02) (NTS)
Copyright (c) The PHP Group
Zend Engine v4.2.5, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies
with Zend OPcache v8.2.5, Copyright (c), by Zend Technologies
Step 3 - Install Composer
Composer is a dependency management tool for PHP and is required for Magento installation.
Run the following commands to download the Composer binary. Magento requires Composer 2.2 LTS so we have modified the command accordingly.
$ php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer', 'composer-setup.php');"
$ php composer-setup.php --2.2
$ php -r "unlink('composer-setup.php');"
Install Composer by moving the binary to the /usr/local/bin directory.
$ sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
Verify the installation by checking its version.
$ composer --version Composer version 2.2.21 2023-02-15 13:07:40
Step 4 - Install MySQL
Ubuntu 22.04 ships with the latest version of MySQL. You can install it with a single command.
$ sudo apt install mysql-server
Check the version of MySQL.
$ mysql --version mysql Ver 8.0.33-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 for Linux on x86_64 ((Ubuntu))
This step is necessary for MySQL versions 8.0.28 and above. Enter the MySQL Shell.
$ sudo mysql
Run the following command to set the password for your root user. Make sure it has a mix of numbers, uppercase, lowercase, and special characters.
mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'YourPassword12!';
Exit the shell.
mysql> exit
Run the MySQL secure install script.
$ sudo mysql_secure_installation
First, you will be asked for your root password. Enter it. Next, you will be asked to install the Validate Password Component. It checks the strength of passwords used in MySQL. Press Y to install it. Next, you will be asked to set the level of the password validation policy. Choose 2 as it is the strongest one.
Securing the MySQL server deployment. Enter password for user root: VALIDATE PASSWORD COMPONENT can be used to test passwords and improve security. It checks the strength of password and allows the users to set only those passwords which are secure enough. Would you like to setup VALIDATE PASSWORD component? Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No: Y There are three levels of password validation policy: LOW Length >= 8 MEDIUM Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, and special characters STRONG Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, special characters and dictionary file Please enter 0 = LOW, 1 = MEDIUM and 2 = STRONG: 2 Using existing password for root. Estimated strength of the password: 100
Next, enter N to refuse to change your root password. Also, enter Y to remove anonymous users, disallow remote root logins, remove the test database, and reload the privilege tables.
Change the password for root ? ((Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : N ... skipping. By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone to log into MySQL without having to have a user account created for them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a production environment. Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y Success. Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'. This ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network. Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y Success. By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed before moving into a production environment. Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y - Dropping test database... Success. - Removing privileges on test database... Success. Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far will take effect immediately. Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y Success. All done!
Step 5 - Configure MySQL
Log in to the MySQL shell. Enter your root password when prompted.
$ sudo mysql -u root -p
Create a database for Magento.
mysql> CREATE DATABASE magento;
Create an SQL user account.
mysql> CREATE USER 'magentouser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Your_password2';
Grant all privileges on the database to the user.
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON magento.* TO 'magentouser'@'localhost';
Flush user privileges.
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Exit the shell.
mysql> exit
Step 6 - Install Nginx
Ubuntu 22.04 ships with an older version of Nginx. To install the latest version, you need to download the official Nginx repository.
Import Nginx's signing key.
$ curl https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key | gpg --dearmor \ | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null
Add the repository for Nginx's stable version.
$ echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg arch=amd64] \ http://nginx.org/packages/ubuntu `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \ | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list
Update the system repositories.
$ sudo apt update
Install Nginx.
$ sudo apt install nginx
Verify the installation.
$ nginx -v nginx version: nginx/1.24.0
Start the Nginx server.
$ sudo systemctl start nginx
Step 7 - Install SSL
We need to install Certbot to generate the SSL certificate. You can either install Certbot using Ubuntu's repository or grab the latest version using the Snapd tool. We will be using the Snapd version.
Ubuntu 22.04 comes with Snapd installed by default. Run the following commands to ensure that your version of Snapd is up to date.
$ sudo snap install core && sudo snap refresh core
Install Certbot.
$ sudo snap install --classic certbot
Use the following command to ensure that the Certbot command can be run by creating a symbolic link to the /usr/bin directory.
$ sudo ln -s /snap/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot
Run the following command to generate an SSL Certificate.
$ sudo certbot certonly --nginx --agree-tos --no-eff-email --staple-ocsp --preferred-challenges http -m [email protected] -d magento.example.com
The above command will download a certificate to the /etc/letsencrypt/live/magento.example.com directory on your server.
Generate a Diffie-Hellman group certificate.
$ sudo openssl dhparam -dsaparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
Check the Certbot renewal scheduler service.
$ sudo systemctl list-timers
You will find snap.certbot.renew.service as one of the services scheduled to run.
NEXT LEFT LAST PASSED UNIT ACTIVATES ..... Sun 2023-02-26 06:32:00 UTC 9h left Sat 2023-02-25 18:04:05 UTC 2h 59min ago snap.certbot.renew.timer snap.certbot.renew.service Sun 2023-02-26 06:43:20 UTC 9h left Sat 2023-02-25 10:49:23 UTC 10h ago apt-daily-upgrade.timer apt-daily-upgrade.service Sun 2023-02-26 09:00:06 UTC 11h left Sat 2023-02-25 20:58:06 UTC 5min ago apt-daily.timer apt-daily.service
Do a dry run of the process to check whether the SSL renewal is working fine.
$ sudo certbot renew --dry-run
If you see no errors, you are all set. Your certificate will renew automatically.
Step 8 - Install Elasticsearch
Elasticsearch is used by Magento for product searches. We will install Elasticsearch 7.x using its official repository since it is the version that is compatible with Magento.
Import Elasticsearch's GPG key.
$ wget -qO - https://artifacts.elastic.co/GPG-KEY-elasticsearch | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/elasticsearch-keyring.gpg
Add the Elasticsearch repository.
$ echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/elasticsearch-keyring.gpg] https://artifacts.elastic.co/packages/7.x/apt stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/elastic-7.x.list
Update the system's repository list.
$ sudo apt update
Install Elasticsearch.
$ sudo apt install elasticsearch
Elasticsearch uses a lot of memory. You need to limit its usage depending on your server size. Create the file /etc/elasticsearch/jvm.options.d/memory.options file and open it for editing.
$ sudo nano /etc/elasticsearch/jvm.options.d/memory.options
Paste the following code in it.
-Xms1g -Xmx1g
Save the file by pressing Ctrl + X and entering Y when prompted. This configures Elasticsearch to use 1GB of RAM. You can use any value as necessary.
Start and enable the service.
$ sudo systemctl enable elasticsearch --now
Check if Elasticsearch is working.
$ curl http://localhost:9200
You should see the following output.
{
"name" : "magento",
"cluster_name" : "elasticsearch",
"cluster_uuid" : "6yks8tZ6T4GskIwWoXuSLA",
"version" : {
"number" : "7.17.10",
"build_flavor" : "default",
"build_type" : "deb",
"build_hash" : "fecd68e3150eda0c307ab9a9d7557f5d5fd71349",
"build_date" : "2023-04-23T05:33:18.138275597Z",
"build_snapshot" : false,
"lucene_version" : "8.11.1",
"minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "6.8.0",
"minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "6.0.0-beta1"
},
"tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
}
Step 9 - Install Redis server
Magento uses Redis for session and cache storage. It is entirely optional and you can use the database for session storage. But Redis does a better job. The latest version of Magento works with Redis 7.0. Ubuntu ships with Redis 6.0 so we will use the Redis repository for installation.
Import the official Redis GPG key.
$ curl -fsSL https://packages.redis.io/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg
Add the APT repository to your sources list.
$ echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg] https://packages.redis.io/deb $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/redis.list
Update the system repository list.
$ sudo apt update
Issue the following command to install the Redis server.
$ sudo apt install redis
Confirm the Redis version.
$ redis-server -v Redis server v=7.0.11 sha=00000000:0 malloc=jemalloc-5.2.1 bits=64 build=3af367a78d5e21e9
Let us verify the service connection by using the following command.
$ redis-cli
You will be switched to the Redis shell.
The first step is to set the password for the Redis default user. Replace Your_Redis_Password with a strong password of your choice. Make sure you prefix the password with the > character.
127.0.0.1:6379> acl setuser default >Your_Redis_Password
Test the Redis Authentication.
127.0.0.1:6379> AUTH Your_Redis_Password OK
Ping the service.
127.0.0.1:6379> ping PONG
Exit the service by typing exit.
Step 10 - Download Magento
Create a web root directory for Magento.
$ sudo mkdir /var/www/magento -p
Give the rights to the Magento directory to the current user.
$ sudo chown $USER:$USER /var/www/magento/ -R
Switch to the /var/www directory.
$ cd /var/www
Before we move further, you need to authentication keys required by the Magento repository. Visit the website https://account.magento.com/ and you will get the following page asking you to log in using your Adobe ID.
Click the Sign in with Adobe ID button to get to the following page.
If you have an Adobe ID, enter your credentials to continue or you can create an account here. Once you have created your account and logged in, open the URL https://marketplace.magento.com/customer/accessKeys/. You can also access this page by visiting your profile and clicking the Access Keys link.
Click the Create A New Access Key button to create your authentication key. Give a name to your key for identification.
Note down both the public and private keys for the next step.
Create the Magento project.
$ composer create-project --repository-url=https://repo.magento.com/ magento/project-community-edition magento
You will be asked for the username and password for the repository. Use the public key as your username and the private key as your password. You will be asked if you want to store the credentials in the Composer configuration directory. Enter y to do so.
Creating a "magento/project-community-edition" project at "./magento"
Authentication required (r